State appropriation / national ecological programChina Three-North Shelterbelt ("Great Green Wall")
The world's largest afforestation program — running since 1978 across arid northern China, targeting tens of millions of hectares of shelterbelt forest by 2050 to hold back the Gobi's expansion.
代表例
主要人物
Prof. Shixiong CaoEcologist, Beijing Forestry University — leading cost-benefit analyst of the program
Prof. Gaoming JiangRestoration ecologist, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Institute of Botany)
National Forestry & Grassland AdministrationState forestry authority, China · 組織プロフィール
連絡Presidential national campaign / state + private co-fundingMongolia "1 Billion Trees by 2030"
Launched by President Khürelsükh at the 76th UN General Assembly (2021): one billion trees by 2030 to fight desertification — over 77% of Mongolia's land is degraded; ~41.5 million trees planted in the first waves.
代表例
主要人物
Ukhnaa KhurelsukhPresident of Mongolia — campaign initiator
Tserendorj UranchimegDirector General, Natural Resources Policy, Ministry of Environment & Climate Change
Ministry of Environment & Climate Change (Mongolia)Implementing state agency · 組織プロフィール
連絡Fiscal transfer / public PESCosta Rica — Pagos por Servicios Ambientales (PSA)
The world's flagship statutory payments-for-ecosystem-services system (Forest Law 7575, 1996): landowners are paid from fossil-fuel taxes and water fees for forest conservation and restoration — forest cover rebounded from ~21% to over 57%.
代表例
主要人物
Carlos Manuel RodríguezCEO & Chair, Global Environment Facility; former Costa Rican Environment Minister — architect of PSA
Dr. Ina PorrasEnvironmental economist (IIED) — leading PSA analyst
FONAFIFO Executive PresidencyNational fund operator · 組織プロフィール
連絡State-led village forestry / fiscal mobilizationSouth Korea — National Forest Rehabilitation
Post-war national reforestation (1962–1987): village forestry associations, fuelwood plantations, and strict national forest law took Korea from devastated hills to ~63% forest cover — the canonical state-led restoration success.
代表例
主要人物
Korea Forest Service AdministratorState forestry authority, Republic of Korea · 組織プロフィール
Korea Forestry Research InstituteNational research arm of KFS · 組織プロフィール
Seoul National University Dept. of Forest SciencesAcademic partner & policy evaluator · 組織プロフィール
連絡Tax-exempt conservation bond / PPPBlue Forest — Forest Resilience Bond (FRB)
Blue Forest's FRB lets private investors cover upfront forest-health and wildfire-risk reduction costs; the state of California and water/hydro utilities repay at contracted rates from appropriations as work completes — and the bonds carry state tax exemption, like municipal bonds (investor returns of 0.5–4%).
代表例
主要人物
Zach KnightCEO & Co-founder, Blue Forest Conservation
Nick WobbrockCo-founder, Blue Forest Conservation
Nathalie WoolworthConservation Finance Program Lead, USDA Forest Service
連絡Sovereign debt conversion (debt-for-nature)Debt-for-Nature Conversions
Creditors (TNC, IDB, IMF-linked trusts) buy down or guarantee sovereign debt in exchange for committed marine/forest conservation funding — Ecuador's $1.6bn Galápagos conversion and Belize's blue bond are the templates; forests are the next frontier.
代表例
主要人物
Jennifer MorrisCEO, The Nature Conservancy
IDB Climate Finance TeamRegional development bank anchor · 組織プロフィール
TNC Global Debt TeamConversion structuring unit · 組織プロフィール
連絡Jurisdictional carbon offtake (results-based payments)LEAF Coalition / Emergent
Public-private coalition (founded by Norway, US, UK + corporations like Amazon, Airbnb) buying jurisdictional-scale REDD+ credits (ART TREES standard) from tropical forest governments at a $10+ floor price — sovereign-level carbon revenue.
代表例
主要人物
Eron BloomgardenCEO, Emergent (LEAF's intermediary platform)
LEAF SecretariatCoalition coordination · 組織プロフィール
WRI Forest Program LeadershipTechnical anchor partner · 組織プロフィール
連絡Private natural-capital fund (blended debt/equity)Natural Capital Investment Funds
Institutional blended funds financing sustainable forestry and landscape restoration in emerging markets — e.g., Mirova's natural-capital funds, the Althelia climate funds, and &Green's forest-risk commodity lending.
代表例
主要人物
Mirova Natural Capital TeamFund manager leadership · 組織プロフィール
&Green Investment CommitteeBlended finance governance · 組織プロフィール
UNCCD Land Finance UnitPublic anchor partner · 組織プロフィール
連絡Voluntary carbon credits (REDD+ project finance)Voluntary REDD+ Project Finance (Wildlife Works Kasigau)
Project developers finance forest protection by selling verified voluntary carbon credits (Verra VCS) — Wildlife Works' Kasigau Corridor (Kenya) is the flagship community-wildlife REDD+ archetype.
代表例
主要人物
Mike KorchinskyFounder & President, Wildlife Works
Wildlife Works Carbon TeamProject development leadership · 組織プロフィール
Verra Standard LeadershipRegistry & methodology governance · 組織プロフィール
連絡Corporate impact fund (return-seeking)Apple Restore Fund
A $200M+ first-of-its-kind return-seeking carbon-removal forestry fund — Apple with Conservation International financing sustainably certified working forests that yield both timber and verified carbon removals.
代表例
主要人物
Lisa JacksonVP Environment, Policy & Social Initiatives, Apple
M. SanjayanCEO, Conservation International
Restore Fund Management TeamFund operations · 組織プロフィール
連絡Institutional timberland (TIMO / REIT)Institutional Timberland Investment (TIMOs & REITs)
Pension and endowment capital in rotation forestry at scale — timberland investment management organizations (Hancock Natural Resource Group, Campbell Global) and public REITs (Weyerhaeuser) are the century-old private-market model for working forests.
代表例
主要人物
HNRG Leadership TeamTimberland investment management · 組織プロフィール
Weyerhaeuser Executive TeamPublic REIT governance · 組織プロフィール
Campbell Global LeadershipTIMO portfolio management · 組織プロフィール
連絡Community carbon credits (charitable + credit sales)Plan Vivo — Smallholder Community Carbon
The longest-running community forestry carbon standard: smallholders and communities plant and restore under 100-year plans, selling Plan Vivo certificates with strong land-tenure and benefit-sharing safeguards.
代表例
主要人物
Plan Vivo Foundation BoardStandard governance · 組織プロフィール
Plan Vivo Technical TeamMethodology & MRV leadership · 組織プロフィール
Project Coordinators NetworkIn-country implementation · 組織プロフィール
連絡NGO movement / donation + advocacyGreen Belt Movement (Kenya)
Founded by Nobel laureate Wangari Maathai (1977): community tree-planting by women's groups — over 51 million trees planted and a global template for civic reforestation.
代表例
主要人物
Prof. Wangari Maathai (†2011, 2004 Nobel Peace Prize)Founder — legacy page · 組織プロフィール
Wanjira MathaiBoard & movement leadership; MD for Africa, World Resources Institute
Green Belt Movement Executive DirectorCurrent operations · 組織プロフィール
連絡Youth donation movement + digital trackingPlant-for-the-Planet / Trillion Tree Campaign
Founded by 9-year-old Felix Finkbeiner (2007); grew into the Trillion Tree Campaign and the world's largest tree-planting tracking platform with science backing from ETH Zürich's Crowther Lab.
代表例
主要人物
Felix FinkbeinerFounder, Plant-for-the-Planet
Prof. Thomas CrowtherFounder, Crowther Lab — scientific advisor
Plant-for-the-Planet SecretariatGlobal youth coordination · 組織プロフィール
連絡Donor-funded employ-to-plantEden Reforestation Projects
"Employ to plant": hires local communities in extreme-poverty regions (Madagascar, Nepal, Kenya...) to plant and guard native forests at extreme scale — hundreds of millions of trees, funded by donors and sponsors per-tree.
代表例
主要人物
Stephen FitchFounder & CEO, Eden Reforestation Projects
Eden Science Advisory TeamMonitoring & forestry leadership · 組織プロフィール
Eden Country DirectorsIn-country operations · 組織プロフィール
連絡PES water funds (municipal/industrial financing)Latin American Water Funds
Municipal utilities, bottlers, and hydropower pay upstream communities to protect and restore forested watersheds — more than 25 water funds across Latin America (Fondo Agua por la Vida y la Sostenibilidad), co-created by TNC, FEMSA Foundation, and IDB.
代表例
主要人物
TNC Latin America Water TeamFund design & science · 組織プロフィール
FEMSA Foundation LeadershipPrivate co-anchor · 組織プロフィール
IDB Water & Sanitation DivisionPublic finance anchor · 組織プロフィール
連絡CSR/philanthropic micro-forest sponsorshipMiyawaki Method Micro-Forests
Prof. Akira Miyawaki's ultra-dense, native-species micro-forest method — 10× faster growth, 30× denser, 100× more biodiversity than plantations — globalized by Afforestt and SUGi with thousands of pocket forests.
代表例
主要人物
Prof. Akira Miyawaki (†)Method founder, Yokohama National University — legacy · 組織プロフィール
Shubhendu SharmaFounder, Afforestt — industrialized the method
Elise Van MiddelemFounder & CEO, SUGi
連絡Endowment + research grantsForestGEO — Global Long-Term Forest Research Network
The Smithsonian's Forest Global Earth Observatory: 70+ standardized research forest plots across the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Europe — the world's largest network measuring how forests grow, die, and store carbon over decades.
代表例
主要人物
Dr. Stuart DaviesDirector, ForestGEO (Smithsonian)
ForestGEO Science CommitteeNetwork governance · 組織プロフィール
Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History LeadershipHost institution · 組織プロフィール
連絡University endowment / long-term grantsUniversity Research Forests (Wytham, Yale-Myers, Harvard Forest)
Universities owning and endowing working research forests for a century-plus: Oxford's ancient Wytham Woods, Yale-Myers Forest (managed by the School of the Environment), and Harvard Forest — the gold standard for century-scale forest science.
代表例
主要人物
Prof. Yadvinder MalhiProfessor of Ecosystem Science, Oxford — Wytham Woods research lead
Prof. Mark AshtonYale School of the Environment — silviculture & Yale-Myers Forest
Dr. David FosterDirector Emeritus, Harvard Forest
連絡Public research grants (climate adaptation)Assisted Migration & Provenance Trials
Experimental forestry moving seed zones poleward: provenance trials, "assisted gene flow" research (UBC), and national forest research agencies testing which trees will thrive under 3–5 °C futures — the scientific backbone of 500-year planting plans.
代表例
主要人物
Prof. Sally AitkenProfessor, UBC — leader of assisted gene flow research
UK Forest Research Tree Science GroupNational provenance trials · 組織プロフィール
EVOLTREE Network CoordinatorsEuropean research network · 組織プロフィール
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