State appropriation / national ecological programChina Three-North Shelterbelt ("Great Green Wall")
The world's largest afforestation program — running since 1978 across arid northern China, targeting tens of millions of hectares of shelterbelt forest by 2050 to hold back the Gobi's expansion.
代表案例
代表人物
Prof. Shixiong CaoEcologist, Beijing Forestry University — leading cost-benefit analyst of the program
Prof. Gaoming JiangRestoration ecologist, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Institute of Botany)
National Forestry & Grassland AdministrationState forestry authority, China · 机构简介
联系Presidential national campaign / state + private co-fundingMongolia "1 Billion Trees by 2030"
Launched by President Khürelsükh at the 76th UN General Assembly (2021): one billion trees by 2030 to fight desertification — over 77% of Mongolia's land is degraded; ~41.5 million trees planted in the first waves.
代表案例
代表人物
Ukhnaa KhurelsukhPresident of Mongolia — campaign initiator
Tserendorj UranchimegDirector General, Natural Resources Policy, Ministry of Environment & Climate Change
Ministry of Environment & Climate Change (Mongolia)Implementing state agency · 机构简介
联系Fiscal transfer / public PESCosta Rica — Pagos por Servicios Ambientales (PSA)
The world's flagship statutory payments-for-ecosystem-services system (Forest Law 7575, 1996): landowners are paid from fossil-fuel taxes and water fees for forest conservation and restoration — forest cover rebounded from ~21% to over 57%.
代表案例
代表人物
Carlos Manuel RodríguezCEO & Chair, Global Environment Facility; former Costa Rican Environment Minister — architect of PSA
Dr. Ina PorrasEnvironmental economist (IIED) — leading PSA analyst
FONAFIFO Executive PresidencyNational fund operator · 机构简介
联系State-led village forestry / fiscal mobilizationSouth Korea — National Forest Rehabilitation
Post-war national reforestation (1962–1987): village forestry associations, fuelwood plantations, and strict national forest law took Korea from devastated hills to ~63% forest cover — the canonical state-led restoration success.
代表案例
代表人物
Korea Forest Service AdministratorState forestry authority, Republic of Korea · 机构简介
Korea Forestry Research InstituteNational research arm of KFS · 机构简介
Seoul National University Dept. of Forest SciencesAcademic partner & policy evaluator · 机构简介
联系Tax-exempt conservation bond / PPPBlue Forest — Forest Resilience Bond (FRB)
Blue Forest's FRB lets private investors cover upfront forest-health and wildfire-risk reduction costs; the state of California and water/hydro utilities repay at contracted rates from appropriations as work completes — and the bonds carry state tax exemption, like municipal bonds (investor returns of 0.5–4%).
代表案例
代表人物
Zach KnightCEO & Co-founder, Blue Forest Conservation
Nick WobbrockCo-founder, Blue Forest Conservation
Nathalie WoolworthConservation Finance Program Lead, USDA Forest Service
联系Sovereign debt conversion (debt-for-nature)Debt-for-Nature Conversions
Creditors (TNC, IDB, IMF-linked trusts) buy down or guarantee sovereign debt in exchange for committed marine/forest conservation funding — Ecuador's $1.6bn Galápagos conversion and Belize's blue bond are the templates; forests are the next frontier.
代表案例
代表人物
Jennifer MorrisCEO, The Nature Conservancy
IDB Climate Finance TeamRegional development bank anchor · 机构简介
TNC Global Debt TeamConversion structuring unit · 机构简介
联系Jurisdictional carbon offtake (results-based payments)LEAF Coalition / Emergent
Public-private coalition (founded by Norway, US, UK + corporations like Amazon, Airbnb) buying jurisdictional-scale REDD+ credits (ART TREES standard) from tropical forest governments at a $10+ floor price — sovereign-level carbon revenue.
代表案例
代表人物
Eron BloomgardenCEO, Emergent (LEAF's intermediary platform)
LEAF SecretariatCoalition coordination · 机构简介
WRI Forest Program LeadershipTechnical anchor partner · 机构简介
联系Private natural-capital fund (blended debt/equity)Natural Capital Investment Funds
Institutional blended funds financing sustainable forestry and landscape restoration in emerging markets — e.g., Mirova's natural-capital funds, the Althelia climate funds, and &Green's forest-risk commodity lending.
代表案例
代表人物
Mirova Natural Capital TeamFund manager leadership · 机构简介
&Green Investment CommitteeBlended finance governance · 机构简介
UNCCD Land Finance UnitPublic anchor partner · 机构简介
联系Voluntary carbon credits (REDD+ project finance)Voluntary REDD+ Project Finance (Wildlife Works Kasigau)
Project developers finance forest protection by selling verified voluntary carbon credits (Verra VCS) — Wildlife Works' Kasigau Corridor (Kenya) is the flagship community-wildlife REDD+ archetype.
代表案例
代表人物
Mike KorchinskyFounder & President, Wildlife Works
Wildlife Works Carbon TeamProject development leadership · 机构简介
Verra Standard LeadershipRegistry & methodology governance · 机构简介
联系Corporate impact fund (return-seeking)Apple Restore Fund
A $200M+ first-of-its-kind return-seeking carbon-removal forestry fund — Apple with Conservation International financing sustainably certified working forests that yield both timber and verified carbon removals.
代表案例
代表人物
Lisa JacksonVP Environment, Policy & Social Initiatives, Apple
M. SanjayanCEO, Conservation International
Restore Fund Management TeamFund operations · 机构简介
联系Institutional timberland (TIMO / REIT)Institutional Timberland Investment (TIMOs & REITs)
Pension and endowment capital in rotation forestry at scale — timberland investment management organizations (Hancock Natural Resource Group, Campbell Global) and public REITs (Weyerhaeuser) are the century-old private-market model for working forests.
代表案例
代表人物
HNRG Leadership TeamTimberland investment management · 机构简介
Weyerhaeuser Executive TeamPublic REIT governance · 机构简介
Campbell Global LeadershipTIMO portfolio management · 机构简介
联系Community carbon credits (charitable + credit sales)Plan Vivo — Smallholder Community Carbon
The longest-running community forestry carbon standard: smallholders and communities plant and restore under 100-year plans, selling Plan Vivo certificates with strong land-tenure and benefit-sharing safeguards.
代表案例
代表人物
Plan Vivo Foundation BoardStandard governance · 机构简介
Plan Vivo Technical TeamMethodology & MRV leadership · 机构简介
Project Coordinators NetworkIn-country implementation · 机构简介
联系NGO movement / donation + advocacyGreen Belt Movement (Kenya)
Founded by Nobel laureate Wangari Maathai (1977): community tree-planting by women's groups — over 51 million trees planted and a global template for civic reforestation.
代表案例
代表人物
Prof. Wangari Maathai (†2011, 2004 Nobel Peace Prize)Founder — legacy page · 机构简介
Wanjira MathaiBoard & movement leadership; MD for Africa, World Resources Institute
Green Belt Movement Executive DirectorCurrent operations · 机构简介
联系Youth donation movement + digital trackingPlant-for-the-Planet / Trillion Tree Campaign
Founded by 9-year-old Felix Finkbeiner (2007); grew into the Trillion Tree Campaign and the world's largest tree-planting tracking platform with science backing from ETH Zürich's Crowther Lab.
代表案例
代表人物
Felix FinkbeinerFounder, Plant-for-the-Planet
Prof. Thomas CrowtherFounder, Crowther Lab — scientific advisor
Plant-for-the-Planet SecretariatGlobal youth coordination · 机构简介
联系Donor-funded employ-to-plantEden Reforestation Projects
"Employ to plant": hires local communities in extreme-poverty regions (Madagascar, Nepal, Kenya...) to plant and guard native forests at extreme scale — hundreds of millions of trees, funded by donors and sponsors per-tree.
代表案例
代表人物
Stephen FitchFounder & CEO, Eden Reforestation Projects
Eden Science Advisory TeamMonitoring & forestry leadership · 机构简介
Eden Country DirectorsIn-country operations · 机构简介
联系PES water funds (municipal/industrial financing)Latin American Water Funds
Municipal utilities, bottlers, and hydropower pay upstream communities to protect and restore forested watersheds — more than 25 water funds across Latin America (Fondo Agua por la Vida y la Sostenibilidad), co-created by TNC, FEMSA Foundation, and IDB.
代表案例
代表人物
TNC Latin America Water TeamFund design & science · 机构简介
FEMSA Foundation LeadershipPrivate co-anchor · 机构简介
IDB Water & Sanitation DivisionPublic finance anchor · 机构简介
联系CSR/philanthropic micro-forest sponsorshipMiyawaki Method Micro-Forests
Prof. Akira Miyawaki's ultra-dense, native-species micro-forest method — 10× faster growth, 30× denser, 100× more biodiversity than plantations — globalized by Afforestt and SUGi with thousands of pocket forests.
代表案例
代表人物
Prof. Akira Miyawaki (†)Method founder, Yokohama National University — legacy · 机构简介
Shubhendu SharmaFounder, Afforestt — industrialized the method
Elise Van MiddelemFounder & CEO, SUGi
联系Endowment + research grantsForestGEO — Global Long-Term Forest Research Network
The Smithsonian's Forest Global Earth Observatory: 70+ standardized research forest plots across the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Europe — the world's largest network measuring how forests grow, die, and store carbon over decades.
代表案例
代表人物
Dr. Stuart DaviesDirector, ForestGEO (Smithsonian)
ForestGEO Science CommitteeNetwork governance · 机构简介
Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History LeadershipHost institution · 机构简介
联系University endowment / long-term grantsUniversity Research Forests (Wytham, Yale-Myers, Harvard Forest)
Universities owning and endowing working research forests for a century-plus: Oxford's ancient Wytham Woods, Yale-Myers Forest (managed by the School of the Environment), and Harvard Forest — the gold standard for century-scale forest science.
代表案例
代表人物
Prof. Yadvinder MalhiProfessor of Ecosystem Science, Oxford — Wytham Woods research lead
Prof. Mark AshtonYale School of the Environment — silviculture & Yale-Myers Forest
Dr. David FosterDirector Emeritus, Harvard Forest
联系Public research grants (climate adaptation)Assisted Migration & Provenance Trials
Experimental forestry moving seed zones poleward: provenance trials, "assisted gene flow" research (UBC), and national forest research agencies testing which trees will thrive under 3–5 °C futures — the scientific backbone of 500-year planting plans.
代表案例
代表人物
Prof. Sally AitkenProfessor, UBC — leader of assisted gene flow research
UK Forest Research Tree Science GroupNational provenance trials · 机构简介
EVOLTREE Network CoordinatorsEuropean research network · 机构简介
联系